Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a daily reality, but many people are unaware of the serious impact it can have on eye health. Both acute and chronic exposure to UV rays from the sun can lead to a range of eye problems, from short-term irritation to long-term conditions that can impair vision.

Dr Amrita K Chaturvedi, Senior Consultant and Assistant Professor at Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, explains that UV radiation carries more energy than visible or infrared light, making it particularly harmful. As a result of ozone depletion and climate change, humans are now exposed to higher levels of UV radiation, putting our eyes at increased risk. “Numerous eye diseases are linked to both acute and cumulative UVR exposure,” she says, stating the need for preventive measures.

One of the most immediate effects of UV radiation on the eyes is photokeratitis or ultraviolet keratitis. This condition is likened to “sunburn” of the eye and can result in painful symptoms like redness, tearing, and a gritty feeling in the eyes. Dr Nikhil Seth, HOD-Ophthalmology at Marengo Asia Hospitals, says that “intense UV exposure can cause photokeratitis, leading to redness, sensitivity to light, and a sensation of having a foreign body in the eye.” Common sources of UV radiation that can trigger this condition include welding arcs, snow reflections, and germicidal UV lamps.

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Chronic UV exposure also accelerates the development of cataracts, a condition where the eye’s natural lens becomes clouded, impairing vision. “People who spend a lot of time outdoors without proper eye protection are more prone to cataracts,” Dr Chaturvedi adds. Studies have consistently shown a higher incidence of cataracts among individuals exposed to UV rays over long periods.

Another significant risk is pterygium, a non-cancerous growth on the white part of the eye that can extend onto the cornea, potentially obstructing vision. Dr Seth warns that pterygium is often linked to frequent sun exposure and may cause irritation and discomfort.

UV radiation also plays a role in the development of skin cancers around the eyes, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Dr Chaturvedi points out that ultraviolet rays are a major contributor to ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN), which includes both precancerous and cancerous lesions on the surface of the conjunctiva and cornea. “UV rays are a significant factor in the development of cancers around the eyes,” she says.

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Lastly, prolonged UV exposure can increase the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a condition affecting the retina that leads to central vision loss. This is especially concerning for older adults, as AMD remains a leading cause of vision impairment.

Both experts stress the importance of protecting your eyes from UV rays. Sunglasses that block 99–100% of UV rays are the most effective method of protection. Dr Seth recommends choosing sunglasses with wraparound designs to ensure that no UV light enters from the sides. “Wearing a hat with a wide brim can further reduce the amount of UV radiation that reaches your eyes by nearly 50%,” he adds.

In addition to sunglasses, UV-blocking contact lenses can offer extra protection, though they should be used alongside sunglasses for full coverage. Dr Seth also suggests avoiding prolonged exposure to the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when UV rays are strongest. It is also essential to apply broad-spectrum sunscreen around the eyes, as this helps protect the delicate skin in that area from UV damage, though care must be taken to avoid getting the sunscreen in the eyes.

Children are particularly vulnerable to UV damage because their larger pupils and more transparent ocular tissues allow more light to penetrate the sensitive areas of the eye. Dr Chaturvedi stresses the need for early intervention: “Protecting children’s eyes from UV rays is critical, as cumulative damage starts from a young age.”

By following these preventive measures—wearing UV-protective sunglasses, limiting sun exposure, and monitoring eye health with regular exams—you can significantly reduce your risk of developing serious eye conditions related to UV exposure. Maintaining good eye health is a lifelong commitment, and safeguarding your eyes from the invisible threat of UV rays is a vital step.

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